Genocides

Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2004

Those countries at Stage 7 are currently at the mass killing stage. They have active genocides or politicides, and are identified with bold type. They are erupting. The others are at various stages of dormancy (4 through 6,) but could erupt again. Civilian deaths in 2001 are separately identified. The table is organized by region. Within a region, countries are listed in order of their potential for mass killing, by stages. Not all politicides since 1945 appear on this chart because some countries where politicide has occurred have become democracies (e.g. East Germany, Poland, Romania, Mongolia) and are not now at stage 4 or above. ©2004 Gregory H. Stanton, Genocide Watch

AFRICA
NATION		YEARS OF EPISODES SINCE 1945	CUMULATIVE CIVILIAN DEATH TOLL	MAJOR KILLERS	MAIN DIVISIONS	STAGE in 2004
Sudan		1956 – 1972, 1983 – present	2 million Nuer, Dinka, Christians, Nuba, southerners 50,000 in Darfur	Khartoum gov’t NIF government, militias, rebels Janjaweed	Political, religious, racial, ethnic	7 – Politicide, Genocide
Ethiopia		1945 – 1974 1974 – 1985 1994 – 2000 2001 - present	150,000 Oromo, Eritreans, Somali 750,000 Class enemies, Oromo 100,000 Eritrea war Ethnic minorities Anuak	Selassie monarchy Derg communists Army (Ethiopian Defence Forces) Army (EDF)	National, religious, ethnic	7 – Genocidal massacres
Burundi		1959 – 1962 1972 1988 1993 – 1995 1996 -- present	50,000 Hutus 150,000 Hutus 25,000 Hutus 50,000 Tutsis, 100,000 Hutus 100,000 Tutsi, Hutu	Tutsi government Tutsi army Tutsi army Hutu rebels Tutsi army Rebels, Army	Ethnic, political	7 – Genocidal massacres
Democratic Republic of the Congo		1945 -- 1960 1960 – 1965 1977 – 1979, 1984 1994 – 1997 1997 – 2003 1994 – present	1,000’s Africans 1,000’s civil war 1,000’s civil war 80,000 Hutus, Banyamulenge, 2 million (civil war) 40,000 Hema,Lendu	Colonial forces Rebels, army Rebels, army Kabila/ Rwandan army, Ugandan, Rwandan armies, rebels, DRCongo & allied armies, Militias	Racial, colonial, economic Political, ethnic	7 – Politicide, Genocidal massacres
Uganda		1972 – 1979, 1980 – 1986 1994 – present	300,000 Acholi, Lango, Karamoja 250,000 Baganda, Banyarwanda 1,000’s LRA foes	Amin gov’t army, police Obote gov’t army, police Lord’s Resistance Army	Political, ethnic, religious	7 – Massacres
Côte d’Ivoire		1998 – 2003	1000’s Bambara, Senoufo, Bété, Burkinabe	Gov’t police, rebels	Ethnic, national, Religious, political	6 – Preparation
Zimbabwe		1982 – 84, 1998 – present	20,000 Matabele	Gov’t army 5^th Brigade, militias	Ethnic, political	6 – Preparation
Liberia		1990 – 2000 2001 -- 2003	100,000 Krahn, Gio, Mano, etc.	Doe gov’t army, Taylor rebels Gov’t, rebels	Political, ethnic	6 – Preparation
Equatorial Guinea		1975 – 1979 2001 - present	50,000 Bubi, Nguema foes	Macias Nguema regime	Political, ethnic	6 – Preparation
Nigeria		1966 – 1970, 1972 – 2000 (sporadic) 2001 --present	1 million Ibos Tiv, Hausa, Yoruba Ogoni, others	Nigerian army Ethnic mobs Nigerian army, police	Political, ethnic, religious	5 – Polarization
Rwanda		1959 – 1963, 1993 1994 1995 – present	10,000’s Tutsi 800,000 Tutsi 1,000’s Hutus	Hutu gov’t Hutu Power gov't Interahamwe Rwandan gov’t	Ethnic, political	5 – Polarization
Somalia		1988 – present	100,000 Somalis, Isaaq clan	Warlord/clan militias	Political, clan	6 – Preparation
Sierra Leone		1991 – 2003	100,000 (civil war)	Revolutionary United Front, other militias	Political, ethnic	5 – Polarization
Congo-Brazzaville		1959 – 1968 1997 – 2000	5,000 Gov’t foes 1,000’s (civil war)	Gov’t army, police, rebels	Colonial Political, ethnic	5 – Polarization
Angola		1961 -- 1962 1975 – 2003	40,000 Kongo, 500,000 Umbundu, Ovimbundu	Colonial army Gov’t, UNITA armies, allies	Colonial Political, ethnic	5 – Polarization
Central African Republic		1966 – 1979 2001	2,000 Bokassa foes	Gov’t army, police	Political, ethnic	5 -- Polarization
Botswana		1990 – present	100’s Küng Bushmen, Caprivi Namibians	Gov’t police	Economic, political, ethnic	4 – Organization
Algeria		1954 – 1963 1991 -- present	160,000 OAS, Harkis, settlers 50,000 Berbers	French legions, OAS, rebels Islamic Armed Group (GIA)	Colonial Religious, political	6 – Preparation
Eritrea		1960’s - 2000	10,000’s Eritreans (independence war with Ethiopia)	Ethiopian armies, police	National, religious, ethnic	4 – Organization
Senegal – Casamance		1990 – 2001	1,000 Diola (civil war)	Senegalese army, rebels	Political, ethnic	4 – Organization
Kenya		1952 – 1960 1991 – 1993	1,500 Kikuyu, colonials 1,000’s Nilotics	Colonial forces MauMau Kikuyu Ethnic militias	Ethnic, political	4 – Organization
Guinea Bissau		1960’s – present	1,000’s	Army	Political	4 – Organization
Chad		1965 – 1996	10,000’s southern Saras, civil war	Gov’t army, Libyan army, rebels	Ethnic, racial, religious, political	4 – Organization
Morocco-Western Sahara		1976 – present	1,000’s: Sahrawis	Moroccan army, Polisario rebels	Political, ethnic	4 – Organization
Mali		1990 – 1993	1,000 Touaregs	Malian army, Touareg rebels	Ethnic, political	4 – Organization
Mozambique		1975 – 1994	1 million by MPLA, Renamo	Renamo, MPLA	Political, ethnic	4 – Organization
Madagascar		1947 – 1948	50,000 Malagasy nationalists	French colonial forces	National, racial, political, ethnic	4 -- Organization
South Africa		1987 – 1996 1996 – present	1,000’s Zulus, Xhosa, ANC, Boer farmers	Gov’t police, ethnic militias	Racial, political, ethnic	4 – Organization
Egypt		sporadic	100’s: Copts	Muslim funda- mentalists	Religious, political	4 – Organization
	AMERICAS
	NATION	EPISODES	DEATH TOLL	KILLERS	DIVISIONS	STAGE in 2004
	Colombia	1948 -- 1958 1975 – present	150,000 10,000’s	Political parties Marxists, rightist death squads, drug cartels	Political Political, narcotics cartels	7 – Politicide
	Brazil	1945 -- 1964 1964 – present sporadic massacres	300,000 Vargas foes, Indians 1,000’s: Kayapo, Yanomami, etc.	Gov’t police, settler militias Settlers, miners	Political, economic, racial, ethnic	8 -- Denial 4 – Organization
	Guatemala	1950’s –1980’s	200,000 Mayans	Gov’t army, death squads	Racial, ethnic, political	8 -- Denial 4 – Organization
	Cuba	1945 -- 1959 1959 – present	100’s rebels 1000’s “counter – revolutionaries”	Rightist gov’ts Castro gov’t	Political	8 – Denial 4 – Organization
	Peru	1980’s – 1990’s	1000’s peasants 1000’s rebels	Shining Path Gov’t forces	Political	4 -- Organization
	Venezuela

Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2004

NATION

YEARS OF EPISODES SINCE 1945

CUMULATIVE CIVILIAN DEATH TOLL

MAJOR

KILLERS

MAIN DIVISIONS

STAGE in 2004

Uganda

Liberia

Interahamwe

Eritrea

NATION

EPISODES

DEATH TOLL

KILLERS

DIVISIONS

STAGE in 2004